Identity and synonyms
Full-length 43-residue thymosin β4 is not TB-500 fragment. Sequence withheld pending authoritative sequence record.
Synonyms: Tβ4 · RGN-259 (ophthalmic program)
Peptide or peptide-related · Peptide or peptide derivative
Detailed molecular class: Peptide
Supplied sequence or chemical reference
See identity note; no supplier sequence accepted as verification.
Mechanism
Actin-related cell biology and repair hypotheses.
Evidence and critical reading
Reported scientific and empirical uses
Recovery and connective tissue · Skin, hair and cosmetics
Ophthalmic programs and systemic-repair claims exist. Route, formulation and endpoint belong beside the benefit rather than in a distant footnote.
Human evidence
A 72-person dry-eye trial did not meet its two primary endpoints; selected secondary findings do not prove systemic repair.
Preclinical evidence
Full-length peptide experiments must remain distinct from fragment studies.
Critical reading and limitations
In a phase II dry-eye trial with 72 participants, neither primary endpoint differed significantly, although some secondary variables favored treatment. Those results do not prove efficacy of injections for sports injuries. An extreme printed handbook quantity is held as a possible error rather than silently corrected.
Evidence applies to the exact molecule, formulation, route, population and endpoint studied. Supplier identity, purity and clinical equivalence are unverified.
Source-specific regimens
Descriptive source observations, not individual recommendations.
Regulatory product labeling
No numerical human dose is assigned: reviewed sources did not verify a regimen attributable to this material, route and indication. Other molecules’ doses, animal exposures, vial amounts and dietary requirements are not substituted.
Human-study exposure
No numerical human dose is assigned: reviewed sources did not verify a regimen attributable to this material, route and indication. Other molecules’ doses, animal exposures, vial amounts and dietary requirements are not substituted.
Empirical handbook
No numerical human dose is assigned: reviewed sources did not verify a regimen attributable to this material, route and indication. Other molecules’ doses, animal exposures, vial amounts and dietary requirements are not substituted.
Regulation and safety
Jurisdiction-specific regulatory context
Jurisdiction-specific approval not verified in this card; do not infer global nonapproval.
Adverse effects and unknowns
Ophthalmic tolerability does not establish safety of systemic exposure or combinations.
Contraindications
See supported safety statements and exact product label; a complete contraindication set has not been established for this catalog material.
A complete list must match the exact authorized product. For experimental materials without verified human labeling, a complete contraindication set is not established here. No list does not mean safety.
Interactions
Only explicitly cited interactions may be asserted; unstudied combinations remain unknown, not interaction-free.
Separate documented interaction, pharmacologic plausibility and unknown interaction. Absence of a blend trial does not establish compatibility.
Studies and trials
Selected studies
PMID34324435 · Uncontrolled retrospective series
Knee pain; telephone follow-up in 16 people.
Intra-articular; BPC alone or BPC+Tβ4.
Subjective pain improvement was reported.
No comparator, validated functional scales or repair imaging; combination in four cases.
n = 17
PMID26056426 · Randomized placebo-controlled phase II
Moderate/severe dry eye.
0.1% ophthalmic solution, 28 days.
No significant differences in either primary endpoint; some favorable secondary findings.
Do not obscure primary results with secondary findings or extrapolate to muscle injection.
n = 72
Trials attributed in the package
No trials are attributed in this record.
Trial registration does not establish efficacy or validate commercial material.
Query candidates; attribution pending
Thymosin β4 · 5 unfiltered query results, not authenticated trials
Query verification: October 16, 2026
Exact phrase intervention query; first three most recently updated records, not exhaustive. Aliases may be missed and heterogeneous products may appear. The total is the unfiltered registry query count, not authenticated trials. Source-integrity holds are excluded from ordinary listings.
View trial registry queryNCT05984134 · Efficacy and Safety Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial InfarctionRegistry status: CompletedLast update posted: June 21, 2024Query verification: October 16, 2026
NCT05485818 · Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction.InfarctionRegistry status: CompletedLast update posted: August 3, 2022Query verification: October 16, 2026
NCT01311518 · A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Injectable Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Acute Myocardial InfarctionRegistry status: WithdrawnLast update posted: September 22, 2021Query verification: October 16, 2026
Source issues and references
The printed upper limit requires source clarification; it is not accepted as a clinical regimen or silently changed to another unit. · manual01 · Page 155
References include queries and bibliographic handbook attributions; not all are clinical studies. Human review remains pending.
- PMID26056426
Sosne G, Ousler GW.
October 16, 2026
- PMID34324435
Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain.
Lee E, Padgett B.
October 16, 2026
- R03
- R35
- manual01
Peptide Handbook — James B. LaValle, Gordon Crozier, Joseph P. Cleaver and Andrew Heyman
James B. LaValle; Gordon Crozier; Joseph P. Cleaver; Andrew Heyman
October 16, 2026
Bibliographic attribution only. The supplied handbook is a secondary empirical practice source, not clinical verification. Private source files and supplier/download destinations are not provided here.